Leading economists are warning that the long-term, sustainable growth rate in the UK may be only 1% - compared with the 2.5% that HM Treasury thought standard from the 1980s to the 2000s.

Until 2008 the UK had been used to the economy doubling in size every 25 years but the IEA says that unless action is taken it will now only double in size every 70 years.
GDP dropped 6.3% from its peak in 2008 and is still around 3% lower than that today, with average annual output growth from 2008 of -0.7%. This means that five years on from the financial crisis the UK has only recovered half the loss to national income which occurred in the immediate aftermath. This is the worst and slowest recovery from a major economic shock in 170 years.
The research, Will flat-lining become normal?: An analysis of Britain's worst period of peacetime growth since the industrial revolution (by economists Tim Congdon CBE, Joanna Davies, Haroon Fatih, Dr Andrew Lilico, Robert Sierra, Peter Warburton and Trevor Williams), shows that the poor recovery is due to a major productivity crisis. Therefore, further increases in aggregate demand won't help the economy.
The economists identify seven key reasons to be pessimistic about the UK's growth rate over the long-term. They are:
• Increased government spending and taxation as a proportion of GDP. This factor alone has reduced the sustainable growth rate by around 0.5% – possibly more.
• Increased regulation of the energy and financial services sectors. These sectors contributed substantially to the productivity performance of the economy in earlier decades.
• The depletion of North Sea oil.
• The arithmetical effect of low-productivity immigrant workers being added to the working population.
• The huge growth in credit before the crisis, followed by its contraction since – partly driven by increased banking regulation. Easy access to cheap credit fostered the creation of excess capacity in the construction, real estate development, distributive and financial services sectors, for example. Not only was their growth rate unsustainable but their peak level of activity was also artificial. Post-slump, the viable economic size of these industries may remain below their prior peaks for an indefinite period.
• Increased government, corporate and household debt relative to GDP.
• Demographic pressures from an ageing population.
The instinctive desire to reclaim the economic heights of late-2007 or early-2008 may not be consistent with the return to a sustainable path of economic development. In these circumstances, another fiscal boost to aggregate demand, as some advocate, would deliver inflation rather than increased real activity.
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The IEA says that if the UK wants to get back to sustainable growth rates of around 2% or more over the long-run, the research suggests very bold reforms will be needed including: the rolling back of government activity and influence; the regeneration of affordable credit channels to unencumbered households and businesses; and the implementation of radical supply-side measures.
Prof. Philip Booth, editorial director at the Institute of Economic Affairs, said: "People shouldn't get too excited about better growth figures and recent forecasts from groups such as the OECD. We still have a long way to go before we recover the loss of output from the 2008 crash. Furthermore, the medium-term prospects for growth do not look healthy unless the government determinedly reduces government spending and regulation."
"The recovery since the financial crash has been the weakest in industrial history. Many of the government's critics wish to solve the UK's growth problem by increasing government spending and borrowing. This research shows that Britain's growth problem is a productivity problem and not a problem caused by insufficient government borrowing. The government should take note. The solutions lie in its hands."